Italian Indefinite Articles - Articoli Indeterminativi

The Italian indefinite article (larticolo indeterminativo) corresponds to English  a/an  and is used with singular nouns. It also corresponds to the number  one. INDEFINITE ARTICLES MASCHILE FEMMINILE uno zio (uncle) una zia (aunt) un cugino (cousin, m.) una cugina (cousin, f.) un amico (friend, m.) unamica (friend, f.) Uno  is used for masculine words beginning with  z  or  s  Ã‚  consonant;  un  is used for all other masculine words.  Una  is used for feminine words beginning with a consonant;  un’  is used for feminine words beginning with a vowel. un treno e una biciclettaun aeroplano e un’automobileuno stadio e una stazione How to Use Italian Indefinite Articles​ In Italian, an article is the variable part of  discourse  that appears before the  noun  to specify the gender and number of the noun. An  adjective  can be placed between the article and noun: Il  viaggio  in Turchia à ¨Ã‚  una  buona  idea per  le  prossime  vacanze.The trip to Turkey is a good idea for your next vacation. È  stato  un  viaggio  molto  interessante.It was a very interesting trip. I  ragazzi si alzino in piedi,  le  ragazze restino sedute.The boys stand up, the girls remain seated. Lo  sport à ¨Ã‚  unattività   salutare per  gli  adolescenti.Sport is a healthy pursuit for teenagers. NOTE: The article gives value to the noun and any other part of speech it precedes: Il  mangiar  troppo  non  giova  alla  salute.Overeating is not conducive to ones health. Lo strano  della storia à ¨ che nessuno udà ¬ lo sparo.The odd part of the story is that no one heard the shot. Bene,  il pià ¹Ã‚  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚  fatto!Well, the job is done! In Italian, an article can either be a  definite article  (articolo determinativo), an indefinite article (articolo indeterminativo), or a  partitive article  (articolo partitivo). Indefinite ArticleIn Italian, the indefinite article is placed before the noun to indicate a generic, uncountable noun. It is also used before the names of professions as well as with common names or surnames to indicate a work of art. In English, indefinite articles correspond to the terms a and an. It has the following forms: MASCULINE (singular):  un,  unoFEMININE (singular):  una,  un un  is  used before a masculine noun that starts with a vowel or consonant: un  amicoa friend un  giornoone day un  tavoloa table NOTE:  un  is  never followed by an apostrophe. uno  pressed a word that starts with:  »Ã‚  s  impura  (s   consonant) uno  scontrinoa receipt uno  specchioa mirror uno  svagoa diversion  »Ã‚  y  semiconsonantica  (semivowel y) uno  yogurta yogurt uno  yachta yacht  »Ã‚  gn,  ps,  x, and  z uno  gnomoa gnome uno  psicologoa psychologist uno  xenofoboa xenophobic uno  zainoa backpack una  is used before a feminine word that begins with a consonant: una  madrea mother una  ziaan aunt un  is used before a feminine word that begins with a vowel: unautomobilea car unamicaa friend NOTE: The indefinite article has no plural form; however it can be implied:  »Ã‚  by omitting the article: Leggo  giornali.I am reading newspapers. Mangio pere e mele.I am eating pears and apples.  »Ã‚  with the partitive article, with the suggestion of  qualche,  alcuni, or  un  po di: Prendo caffà ¨ e  dei  biscotti.Im having coffee and biscuits. Vorrei  comprare  dei  libri.I would like to buy books.

Police Policing And Community Policing - 1513 Words

Community Policing How effective is community policing? Community policing has several different definitions. In this paper I will prove that community policing is effective by defining, community policing as the police and citizens coming together to create a safe community, stop crime and resolve problems and also urgently responding to the community. Throughout many years, the people’s view of community policing have remained the same. There are some valid causes as to why law enforcement leaders consider that it is time to change the way policing labors so that they are effectively helping the community. The way that community policing was trained in the past is not necessarily efficient in today’s society. For example, catastrophes in our communities continue to increase the need for security, citizens loose the feeling of protection and wellbeing, and this can be fixed by presenting advanced policing strategies. Law enforcement leaders are beginning to recognize t hat they must accept the responsibility for the safety of their communities. Community policing is as a law enforcement tactic enforced to progress a stronger connection between the police and the community. The fundamental idea following community policing is that the community should be willingly involved with law enforcement leaders to help resolve problems. While that may seem exceptionally simple, law enforcement leaders should acknowledge that the community should be involved in theShow MoreRelatedPolice Policing And Community Policing Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesIntro There are a series of variations of the definition of community policing. Community policing is a system ran for police officers within communities so that they can become familiar with local citizens. In majority of cities, the relationship that is already between officers and community citizens end up going wrong because not the ‘right’ officer gets put where they need to be. State officials hire officers from small towns and put them in the city, or it’s the case where city officers areRead MoreCommunity Policing And The Police1755 Words   |  8 PagesCommunity policing can be dated back to the early nineteenth century. In 1829 Sir Robert Peel created the Metropolitan Police when he served as Home Secretary of England. According to Peel, the real key for policing is â€Å"the police are the people and the people are the police†. Peel believed that prevention of crime could be accomplished without intruding into the lives of the citizens. His first principle was that the â€Å"basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder†Read MoreCommunity Policing And The Police Essay2008 Words   |  9 Pages Community policing is a police procedure forced to make a superior relationship between the police and the group. Community policing is characterized as a synergistic exertion between the police and the group that distinguishes issues of wrongdoing and clutter and includes all components of the Community in the look for answers for these issues. Does people group based policing achieve social orders coveted result and desires? This is one of many inquiries we may have about the genuinely new andRead MorePolice Enforcement And Community Policing1444 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to COPS and the U.S. Department of Justice, community policing begins with a commitment to building trust and respect between police and communities. Many police department and citizens within the communities collaborate and they more effectively address underlying issues, change negative behavioral patterns, and allocate resources. Bureau of Justice Statistics defines community policing as, â€Å"A philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnershipsRead MorePolice Enforcement And Community Policing1657 Words   |  7 Pages Over the past few decades community policing has become a new trend in law enforcement. A majority of contemporary police departments now claim to use community policing. Community policing builds on basic policing practices with an emphasis on crime prevention and lasting solutions to problems. Community policing was established in the 1970s, but did not become popular until the 1990s. The goal of community policing is to rebuild the bond between citizens and police officers, while at the sameRead MorePolice Enforcement And Community Policing849 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Since the surface of Community policing in the 1970’s and making the mark of influence on the strategies of policing throughout the United States, community policing has slowly become the direction of police interaction (Sozer and Merlo, 2013). Originally, having a breakthrough of helping reduce crime in the larger cities of America, smaller cities took the initiative and began the tactic of using community policing in the same efforts to reduce crime in local communities (Sozer and Merlo, 2013)Read MoreCommunity Policing And The Police Department Essay2270 Words   |  10 PagesCommunity policing began in the 1980s, based off of work performed at Michigan Sate University (Police Studies Book). However, the Anytown Police Department has not been a part of this method of policing until now. 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It will also examine several examples of different policing agencies in CanadaRead MorePolice Presence And Implementing Community Policing2096 Words   |  9 Pagesyou ever wondered why our communities are struggling, neighbors are fighting and everyone is against one another? This is because as a community not everyone is working on th e mission to provide a safe and clean environment. A community includes residents, law enforcers, and government officials all working cohesively to provide better quality of life in our neighborhoods. In today’s society, we are trying to focus on the third era of policing known as community policing where the goal is to improveRead MoreCommunity Policing : A New Partnership Between The Police And The Community1285 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity policing is now widely spread around the world due to its overwhelming popularity and effectiveness. This policing model is even being â€Å"sold† as perhaps the best policing model for modern society. Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux define community policing as â€Å"a philosophical and an organizational strategy that promotes a new partnership between the people and their police† (Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux p.6). The central idea of such policing is to create a sustainable partnership between the police

‘Billy Liar’ Which of Billy’s three girlfriends is best suited to him Free Essays

string(129) " predicament because has threatened that her father will come and sort him out! Later that day Rita returns to the Fisher house\." The play ‘Billy Liar’ concerns a nineteen-year-old boy who has three girlfriends. The Fisher family live in a typical lower middle class house in an industrial town in the north of England. The furniture is quite new but of dreadful taste. We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Billy Liar’: Which of Billy’s three girlfriends is best suited to him? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Fisher family is very dysfunctional. The family consists of: Billy, a compulsive liar, who uses sarcasm to try and show his intelligence. He seems to be confused about life in general and is also very lazy. Billy is very intelligent. We know this, as there is evidence of this throughout the play. Billy has three girlfriends, I think this a signs of irresponsibility and that he is not very mature. Billy’s mother, Alice, is a housewife. She is constantly fussing over Billy and mothering him. An example of Alice mothering Billy is ‘how do you mean? A job in London? What job in London? ‘ questioning Billy because she worries about him. Maybe this is one of the causes of Billy’s many dilemmas. Alice seems very easy going. Geoffrey, Billy’s father, does not have a good word to say about Billy. He does not trust his son one bit and has no faith in him. Geoffrey has his own business and he also has an obsession to saying the word ‘bloody’. Finally, there is Florence. This is Billy’s Grandmother, Alice’s mother. She is extremely racist and also forgetful. She is forgetful. She is almost senile and throughout the play she is found rambling to herself. She blames Alice for Billy being spoilt. At the beginning of the play when Billy is discussing Barbara with Arthur, he seems unbelievably sexually frustrated. He has had a plan to seduce Barbara by using a ‘passion pill’. Barbara is a girl of about nineteen who is large and well built. This gives the impression that Barbara is relatively old fashioned and prudish. Barbara has strong morals and refuses to have sex before marriage. We know this as in one part of the play Billy puts is hand on Barbara’s knee (after she has taken the passion pill) and Barbara says ‘it seems†¦ indecent, somehow’ this certainly makes Billy sexually frustrated. Barbara is very gullible. We can tell this because she believes all of Billy’s lies. Also Billy’s mother approves of Barbara and thinks she looks respectable. When Billy greets Barbara her reply ‘hallo, pet. ‘ Is spoken callously and flatly. This gives the impression that her feelings for him are not as strong as she believes them to be. Billy also tells Barbara more lies such as ‘Oh yes, I made all the furniture’, and ‘ she might have to have her leg off’ (talking about Florence) which Barbara again believes. One thing that Billy and Barbara have in common is that they fantasize extensively. Evidence of this is the way that they plan together their dream cottage in Devon with a little Billy and a little Barbara. They have really planed this in minute detail, down to the colour schemes and garden plans. My personal opinion is that Barbara has a greater passion for oranges than for Billy and is constantly eating them. Barbara and Billy address each other using pet names such as ‘pet’ and ‘darling’. This shows some sense of relationship between them. Billy gets so frustrated at Barbara’s addiction to oranges and lack of passion that he picks up her bag of oranges and, in total fury, throws it across the floor. Barbara is exceptionally helpful when she visits the Fisher household. She does the dishes and is egger to help Alice. This makes her seem incredibly domesticated. Alice thinks really highly of Barbara. I know this because she says ‘I’m glad he’s found himself a nice sensible lass for once. I think Barbara and Billy are suited in one way because they both fantasize but in many other ways they are not. Barbara has some direction and plan to her life while Billy has no direction at all. Barbara has very strong morals; she does not believe in sex before marriage or in mixed sex holidays but Billy certainly does. I do not think that Barbara and Billy are well suited at all.. They obviously do not love each other. Rita is first introduced in a phone conversation between herself and Billy. In the conversation Rita is being very forceful and she puts Billy on the defensive. While this phone call takes place Barbara is in the house. Rita wants her engagement ring back, the ring Billy has given to Barbara! This shows that he does not have respect for either of the girls. He is desperately trying to get the ring back off Barbara to return to Rita who is very annoyed. Rita is a small girl with blonde hair. She is seventeen years old but ‘dresses to look much older’. She is ‘common and hard’ and works in a snack bar. When Rita is first seen she is coming to claim her ring back from Billy. As soon as she enters the garden, she instantly insults Billy, saying to him ‘look what’s crawled out of the cheese’. This gives the impression that they do not really have any affection towards each other. When Billy tells her one of his extravagant lies Rita is not as gullible as Barbara. Billy and Rita do not have mutual respect in their relationship. You can tell this in their language and tone of voice. Despite all the negative points in their relationship, there is definite sexual chemistry and physical attraction. I know this because Billy attempts to quieten down Rita by kissing her passionately and, sure enough, Rita responds to this by kissing him back. Yet Rita threatens Billy by saying that her father is not happy that she has not got her ring back. I think she is trying to blackmail Billy here. Rita eventually leaves extremely angry and without a ring. She has left Billy in a predicament because has threatened that her father will come and sort him out! Later that day Rita returns to the Fisher house. You read "‘Billy Liar’: Which of Billy’s three girlfriends is best suited to him?" in category "Papers" She is now furious. She does not knock before going in. This is extremely rude. Rita is not intimidated by older people we can see this in the manner in which she talks to Billy’s mother. While talking to people Rita frequently mocs the way they talk. She comes up with some amazing insults and dishes them out, one being ‘squint eyed, bow legged, spotty snotty nosed streak of nothing’. She directs this insult Barbara. She does not think much of Barbara at all. She says that Barbara needs to wash her ears because she has got ‘carrots growing out of them’. This means that she thinks that Barbara is naive and stupid. She is probably right in thinking this. I do think that Rita and Billy are suited because there is a definite sexual attraction between them. Yet that is all they have in common because they are both from different back rounds. Rita comes from quite a rough back round and this is probably the cause for her acting in the way that she does. Billy comes from a lower middle class up bringing. Billy’s mother definitely would not like Billy marrying Rita as she would not fit in with their family. We do not meet Liz until the very end of the play. I like this aspect of the play because we hear about Liz very near the beginning of the play so this leaves a bit of mystery surrounding her character. At the beginning of the play Arthur makes a remark about Liz’s skirt. He says ‘it’s about time somebody bought her a new skirt’. He refers to her as ‘scruffy Lizzie’ that agrees with comments that Alice makes about her. She says ‘that scruffy one’ and also ‘her in that mucky skirt’. The play ‘Billy Liar’ was written in the 1960’s. We can see evidence in the way that society’s view of women in the way that people think through the play; Alice’s opinion of Liz’s skirt which now seems to be a very old fashioned view. Also we can see how society has changed in the way Barbara views sex before marriage and mixed sex holidays. This also fits with the class Barbara comes from. Liz is a free spirit who travels around the country from job to job. Maybe this is why people cannot relate to her or regard her as a threat. During the time of which the play was set, people tended to stay within their own locality. Despite everyone making rude remarks about Liz, Billy seems to have genuine feelings. During one part of the play Barbara is talking to Alice about Liz and she says that ‘she used to put a lot of ideas into his head’. Possibly she is jealous of Liz, because she knows that Billy still has feelings for her. So she is trying to ensure that Alice does not like Liz. Right at the very end of the play Liz enters the scene with Arthur. Although Liz is about the same age as Barbara and Rita she has maturity and ‘self-possession’. She is dressed casually and is, infact, not as scruffy as we have been led to believe. She is not particularly pretty but is obviously a girl of ‘strong personality’. When she comes into the scene they just make polite conversation and Billy asks Liz when she got back. He seems hurt that Liz had not phoned him. After Liz and Billy have been talking for a while, Liz gets the idea of going away to London with him. Billy gives the impression that he definitely wants to go to London with Liz. When Billy tries to lie to Liz he cannot quite go through with it. Liz is a very good judge of Billy’s character. Despite this it does not stop her from loving him. Liz gets the bizarre idea that she wants to marry Billy. She does not want to get engaged and she does not care about getting a ring, unlike Barbara and Rita. Billy and Liz seem to share the same dream. Billy loves talking to Liz. We can see this in the length of his of his speeches. At the end of act three, we can see that Liz is more optimistic than Billy. She makes her mind up about going London. She is sure but Billy is unsure and to some extent pessimistic about going. Liz just makes her decisions on impulse. Liz and Billy get along really well and enjoy each other’s company. They have interesting conversations in which they are both fully involved. It seems as if they are sole mates. But maybe they would be suited better as just good friends. I do not think any one of the three girls is really suitable for Billy. Billy has things in common with each of the girls. Barbara and Billy both fantasize, Billy and Rita have a lot of sexual chemistry between them while Billy and Liz can talk to each other very well. But Billy has big relationship issues. He cannot commit in a relationship; he shows this in the way that he decides not to go to London at the end of the play. He cannot make decisions; he shows this numerous times throughout the play and one of his main goals should be to stop lying! I think Billy could learn to love each of these girls. But I am unsure he would be able to live with them or get married. Billy cannot keep still; he cannot stick to one girl; he cannot make a sensible decision. Billy is highly intelligent but his inability to make decisions stops him getting anywhere in life. How to cite ‘Billy Liar’: Which of Billy’s three girlfriends is best suited to him?, Papers

Mechanisms of Clearing Incompatible RBC

Question: Discuss about the Mechanisms of Clearing Incompatible RBC. Answer: Introduction: Transfusion is done worldwide to treat anemia and hemorrhage. In case of incompatible transfusions, the antibodies bind to the red blood cells and induce fatal effects that includes hemolytic- transfusion reactions, hemolysis in fetus as well as newborn or autoimmune form of hemolytic- anemia. Though, compatibility tests have been performed to prevent an abnormal pathophysiology of incompatible transfusions, still incompatible blood- transfusions occurs. But, in case of few incompatible blood- transfusions, abnormal pathophysiology may not follow rather the incompatible RBCs might survive normally. This essay discusses about various mechanisms by which incompatible red blood cells are cleared off from the blood circulation. Cross matching- incompatible blood- transfusions involves infusing the red- blood cells from donor into the recipient with antibodies to fight against antigens that are present in the red blood cells of donor. Allo-antibodies were found to be generated against RBC antigen when there is a prior exposure to allogeneic RBCs, which could have been occurred during any previous blood- transfusions or pregnancy except for the blood- group antibodies (as the ABO system) that naturally occurs [1]. Generally, incompatible blood- transfusions were strictly prevented because of the fatal outcomes of hemolysis that is caused by the transfusion of incompatible RBCs leading to HRT (hemolytic- transfusion reactions) [2], [3]. They can occur due to the amnestic- antibody responses that are caused by the mis-transfusion. Additionally, in few circumstances, cross-match- incompatible RBCs were infused purposefully to person if he/she is at risk for developing hypoxia (because of anemia). It is done only if the risks of hypoxia outweigh the adverse effects of an induced HTR. Allo-antibodies developed against RBCs of fetus can lead to hemolytic disease in fetus that results in mortalities in which auto-antibodies bound to red blood cells causing (autoimmune) hemolytic- anemia [4]. Therefore, a clear understanding of the clearance mechanisms of RBC in which antibody- bounded with RBCs are cleared off from the blood circulation as well as the patho-physiology that ensues is much needed in many hospital settings. Hemolysis that is induced by antibody is basically thought to be occurred by any one of the two mechanisms. The first mechanism is that the RBCs could undergo an intra- vascular hemolysis at the time of activation of complement to develop the membrane- attack complex (i.e. MAC). Typically, this occurs due to the binding of immunoglobulin (Ig) M with the surfaces of RBC and sometimes it also occurs by binding with Immunoglobulin IgG [5]. Red- blood cells were also opsonized as well as ingested by the phagocytes which are called as extra- vascular hemolysis. When the complementary pathway is activated by the binding of antibody, C3 gets covalently attached to both cellular protein (surrounding it) and inciting antibodies through thioester bonding [6]. In case, if the complementary activation did not led to the formation of MAC to the level that a quick intra- vascular hemolysis occur, then C3 that is deposited on the surfaces of red- blood cells might be converted into C3b as well as i C3b that are ligands for the complement- receptors. In such cases, the complementary receptors that are located on the phagocytic cells (such as CR1, CR3 CR4) will consume the RBCs that are coated with C3b (phagocytosis). Additionally, C3 is usually needed to continue the complementary cascade so as to complete MAC assembly [7]. Secondly, an antibody- induced form of opsonization may develop because of the bounding of Fc- domains of the immunoglobulin IgG to red- blood cells that are identified by Fcg- receptors (FcgRs) on the surface of phagocytes extra- vascularly. The presence of these RBC clearance pathways after binding with antibodies were significantly proved by various studies in animal models [8]. In contrast to these two pathways, the alternative pathways of immunoglobulin IgG- mediated RBCs clearance were identified that does not involves both complement as well as FcgR pathways. These pathways involve direct effect of antibody- binding on RBCs. De-stabilization of the membrane of RBCs were found to induce programmed death of RBCs (eryptosis) [9] [10]. Antibodies were found to directly provoke the phosphatidylserine expression that are present on the surface of RBC that is able to cause phagocytosis because of the ligation of phosphatidylserine- scavenger receptors that are located on phagocytes [9]. In addition to that, the mechanical- induction of Ca2+ influx into red- blood cells results in eryptosis because of the direct effect of an antibody- surface binding [11] [12]. In 2010, Chadebech has stated that these pathways were not separated but they may overlap each other. Though these newly identified alternative mechanisms raise many mechanistic questions in regard to HTRs, they were analyzed in- vitro and hence it is not clear whether these findings are appropriate to the authentic HTRs- in- vivo. Ultimately, the clearance of red- blood cells from blood circulation in- vivo by the process of sequestration in spleen as well as liver was identified in regard to immunoglobulin IgG IgA autoimmune- hemolytic anemia whereas the role of sequestration was not observed in regard to incompatible transfusion [13]. A study was conducted by Liepkalns et al (2012) by using mono-clonal antibodies against the glycophorin- A (hGPA) of human blood- group as well as Duffy (as a part of fusion- protein known as HOD) antigens [14]. They found that anti- Duffy antibodies were found to remove RBCs that express HOD through Fc- receptors. In- contrast to that, anti- hGPA antibodies were assessed to remove off RBCs through a 3rd newer biphasic mechanism. During the 1st phase of mechanism, anti- hGPA antibodies agglutinate with RBCs, thus sequestering them out of circulation. In the 2nd phase of mechanism, phagocytes are needed for the removal of sequestered RBCs independently from both Fc- receptors and complement [14]. A collaborating cytokine burst was analyzed in regard to Fc- receptors that suggest that the de-coupling of phagocytosis and secretion of cytokine occurs at the time of clearance of incompatible hGPA- RBCs [15]. They have investigated the ability of RBC to survive in- vivo with the knowledge of clearance mechanism. They found that not all hGPA and HOD- RBCs where cleared when they face a bolus of anti- hGPA and anti- Duffy antibodies respectively. At the time of incompatible transfusions of hGPA and HOD, a group of RBCs were identified to be PREVIEW- resistant. The resistance of hGPA and HOD- RBCs was identified to not require C3 (Figure 1) [14]. The titration of anti- hGPA antibody- mediated clearance indicates that RBCs spectrum occurs among hGPA- RBCs. Many studies on incompatible- transfusion with HOD- RBCs indicate that the resistant RBCs do not acquire the resistance ability but instead the resistance power is an innate quality of this RBC population. They concluded that, the c learance pathways of incompatible- RBC appear to differ among blood- group antigens or binding- antibody and resistance do not require complement. Recent studies suggest that phagocytes are not needed for an early clearance of hGPA as well as HOD- RBCs but play a great role in preventing its return to blood- circulation. Phagocytes usually uses multi- scavenger receptors along with Fc- and complement- receptors) to digest the injured cells [14]. Generally, it is known that phagocytic cells are much needed for the clearance of RBC that is coated with IgG. In 2012, Liepkalns et al has evaluated the role of phagocytes in incompatible RBC clearance by injecting C57BL/6 samples with clodronate which is a toxic electron- transport chain (decoupling bi-phosphonate). They have injected clodronate (that is encapsulated in liposomes) directly into phagocytic cells that are digested by them selectively (Figure 2) [14]. They have injected control mice with liposomes that is similar to experimental group but without capsulated clodronate (empty liposome). After 24 hours, passive immunization was given along with transfusion of a combination of both hGPA and HOD. They observed that the samples, who received passive immunization of anti- hGPA, showed the clearance of RBCs to certain extent with both clodronate as well as empty liposome- treated mice at the 1st time i.e. 2 hrs after transfusion (Figure 2). Moreover, from 18 hours, many of the incompatible hGPA- RBCs were found to return back to blood- circulation that lead to the survival of more than half of incompatible- RBCs at two days after transfusion (Figure 2) [14]. On the other hand, the samples that received passive immunization with anti- Fy3 showed that liposomal- clodronate infusion has stopped the clearance of HOD- RBC initially, which confirms that clodronate is highly effective and lead to the depletion of sufficient phagocytic cells to prevent the clearance of RBC that is FcgR- dependent. They also examined the role of FcgRs in the incompatible RBC clearance by using the samples with a deleted common- g chain that is needed for expressing and functioning of the 3 murine FcgRs for phagocytosis (FcgR-I, FcgR-III, and FcgR-IV) [16]. A very little but apparent decrease in incompatible RBC clearance was found in sample which is passively immunized with 10F7 and/or 6A7 whereas the clearance of hGPA HOD- RBCs that is stimulated by anti- Fy3 was observed to be abrogated. These findings suggest that FcgRs are needed for the incompatible RBC clearance but has little effect on clearance by anti- hGPA. Liepkalns (2012) has tested whether RBC aggregation in- vivo affects the clearance that is mediated by anti- hGPA. He did incompatible- transfusions and analyzed the peripheral- blood at rapid- clearance phase and found that majority of aggregates were made up of hGPA HOD- RBCs and not control RBC. The findings suggests that the majority of complexes contains selective- agglutination in- vivo of the in-compatible RBCs. Further, the complexes were observed only during the early stage of reaction and had quickly decreased at the clearance phase and have stopped to be detectable as soon as the transfusion is completed (Figure 3D) [14]. Many studies state that spleens have no role in the clearance of incompatible RBC clearance and splenectomy does not has any effect on the clearance. The incompatible RBCs were cleared off from blood- circulation only in the extra- splenic areas. Hence, spleen is not needed but might be engaged in the clearance of in-compatible- RBC [14]. Then, though the sensitivity of different organs varies to clodronate, clodronate treatment leads to the return of RBCs that are incompatible to the blood- circulation after some time. These findings suggests that phagocytic cells are much needed in the prevention of initially cleared off RBCs from re- entering into the blood- circulation most probably by engulfing the RBCs that are bounded by antibody. But, as there was no return back of C3 KO and FcgR- KO to the blood- circulation, the signal for engulfing seems to be something that is different from that of opsonization with an Immunoglobulin IgG or a complement. Brain et al (2010) observed that the binding of poly-clonal human- IgG antibodies (that is present in the persons with hemolytic- transfusion reaction because of anti- Pr) could damage the RBCs directly by destroying the RBCs membrane, opening the channels of Ca2+ with exposure of phosphate-dylethanolamine [10]. Hence, it suggests that 10-F7and 6A-7 stimulate the expression of engulf me signal as like phosphate-idylserine and other that are recognized by a scavenger- receptor that are located on the phagocytic cells, which are sensitive to clodronate. It appears that both 10F-7 and 6A-7 causes eryptosis directly (Figure 4A) [14]. Thus to conclude, various mechanisms are involved in the clearance of incompatible RBCs from blood. Recently, hGPA- RBCs are found to be cleared off by IgG-alloantibodies by biphasic mechanism that doesnt involve C3 and FcgRs. The analysis of the clearance of incompatible- RBCs, suggests that in addition to two usual mechanisms, biphasic mechanism has proved to be of greater therapeutic significance. Reference Zimring JC, Spitalnik SL. Alloimmunization to red cell antigens and management of alloimmunized patients. In: Mintz PD, editor. Transfusion therapy clinical principles and practice. Bethesda (MD). American Association of Blood Banks. 2011: 631-42. Davenport RD. Management of transfusion reactions. In: Mintz PD, editor. Transfusion therapy clinical principles and practice. Bethesda (MD). American Association of Blood Banks. 2011: 757-84. Vamvakas EC, Blajchman MA. Transfusion-related mortality: the ongoing risks of allogeneic blood transfusion and the available strategies for their prevention. Blood. 2009; 113: 3406-17. Gehrs BC, Friedberg RC. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Am J Hematol. 2002; 69: 258-71. Garratty G. A new mechanism for immune destruction of red blood cells? Transfusion. 2010; 50:274-7. Gros P, Milder FJ, Janssen BJ. Complement driven by conformational changes. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008; 8: 48-58. Linton S. Animal models of inherited complement deficiency. Mol Biotechnol. 2001; 18:135-48. Petz LD, Garratty G. Immune hemolytic anemia. 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Churchill Livingstone; 2004. Attanasio P, Shumilina E, Hermle T, Kiedaisch V, Lang PA, Huber SM, et al. Stimulation of eryptosis by anti-A IgG antibodies. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2007; 20: 591-600. Chadebech P, Habibi A, Nzouakou R, Bachir D, Meunier-Costes N, Bonin P, et al. Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction in sickle cell disease patients: evidence of an emerging syndrome with suicidal red blood cell death. Transfusion. 2009; 49: 1785-92. Brain M, Ruether B, Valentine K, Brown C. Life threatening hemolytic anemia due to an autoanti-Pr cold agglutinin: evidence that glycophorin A antibodies may induce lipid bilayer exposure and cation permeability independent of agglutination. Transfusion. 2010; 50: 292-301. Brain MC, Pihl C, Robertson L, Brown CB. Evidence for a mechanosensitive calcium influx into red cells. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2004; 32: 349-52. Chadebech P, Michel M, Janvier D, Yamada K, Copie-Bergman C, Bodivit G, et al. IgA-mediated human autoimmune hemolytic anemia as a result of hemagglutination in the spleen, but independent of complement activation and Fc alpha RI. Blood. 2010; 116: 4141-7. Liepkalns, JS. Biphasic clearance of incompatible red blood cells through a novel mechanism requiring neither complement nor Fcg receptors in a murine model. Transfusion. 2012; 52:2631- 2645. Hendrickson JE, Hod EA, Cadwell CM, Eisenbarth SC, Spiegel DA, Tormey CA, et al. Rapid clearance of transfused murine red blood cells is associated with recipient cytokine storm and enhanced alloimmunogenicity. Transfusion. 2011; 51:2445-54. Nimmerjahn F, Bruhns P, Horiuchi K, Ravetch JV. Fcgamma RIV: a novel FcR with distinct IgG subclass specificity. Immunity. 2005; 23:41-51.

LAW An Overview Essays - International Law, Legal Ethics, Law

LAW: an Overview Human nature consists of three basic components. These are to live, to propagate and to dominate. If Humanity was left without any other parameters, this natural state of existence would govern its behavior. Fortunately, there are parameters that exist. These parameters are law. The topic of this paper addresses the type of law that operates in creating potential boundaries for the behavior of states. This law is called the Law of Nations or international law. Patrick Moynihan, a senator from New York, has written a book on this subject called On the Law of Nations. His book argues that states need international law to monitor their actions and to maintain order. He also notes the frequent departures states do from international law. This essay will reflect his plea to return to the norms that international law provides; it will also discuss and identify the moral dilemmas that are present with international law and its relationship with states. The term "laisser aller" or "letting go" is used by Friedrich Nietzsche to describe this state of nature, in which man resides absently of law. His use of the term represents the struggle morality wages against nature and reason. He equates morality in any form, with "tyranny and unreason." Nietzsche proposes that man's natural existence be, in essence, nihilistic. Logically, the political entity known as the state, created by man will inherit these traits. Thus, the conclusion is that the creation and institution of international law are in direct violation to nature. However, international law exists and states "generally" submit themselves to it. . Since most of this law is derived from codified norms of states, the term submission can be used. There is a disservice committed to humanity when the law is broken, not just to those who are weaker in the global community but to the law itself. A violent raping of the law is committed when it is taken in an a la carte form. The constant shifting back and forth from international law to nature creates an incoherent system and a basis for calling the reversion to the natural state, evil. In this setting "illegal" unilateral action is immoral. Conversely, the adherence to the law is equally immoral. This conclusion is drawn from the virtue of integrity. Either have a commitment to comply with morality or completely abstain from a hypocritical form of servicing the law with words and no conformity. Consistency, is an extremely important factor of a system of law. Moynihan argues that the United State has begun to traverse a path leading away from its adherence to international law. "There is clear evidence that the United States is moving away from its long established concern for and advocacy of international legal norms of state behavior." The implication of the United States' departure is extremely troubling. The decline of universalism in world politics can be seen through the example of the United States. Moynihan has no trouble in finding examples in recent history to support his argument. During the Bush Administration two examples are cited of unilateral action condoned by the United States, which are violations of international law. The first is the precedent allowing the Federal Bureau of Investigation apprehend fugitives of United States law anywhere around the world. This violates the principles of sovereignty and jurisdiction. The second example is the United States' raid on the home of the Nicaraguan embassador in Panama. This clearly violates the idea of extraterritorality. These actions are interpreted to be in violation to the very law that the United States constitution promises to up hold. Because of these actions and many others that are frequently taking place all around the globe, an underlying disregard for law in the international community exists. One could conclude that there is no real international law but international suggestion. The moral dilemma does not exist in an isolated location, such as the United States. This is a wide spread enigma that confronts political thinkers of today. The existence of an operational universal system in a predominated arena of nationalism is nearly impossible. The two systems have been shifting since the Treaty of Westphalia, according to Hans Morganthau. He argues that nations are now "the standard-bearers

Modern Urbanization

Modern Urbanization Free Online Research Papers Urbanization is a very real occurrence in our society today. In the world, 50% of the population lives in an urbanized society. Before I continue, I would like to present a clear definition to Urbanization. Urban means, relating to or concerned with a city or densely populated area, and urbanization refers to the conversion of rural areas, to more urbanized ones. A key term associated with the word, urban, is industrial. Big cites, are far more industrialized, and henceforth, provide a greater distribution of the economy. Take New York, as a classic example. New York is a vast economical network, due to the large quantities of businesses and the dense population. Add to this the amount of money needed, to even survive there, and the situations force the general populace to be as productive as possible. The aim of urbanization is, in theory, to provide a higher standard of living. It is true that, to a certain extent, those urban lifestyles are easier on the body than rural living, such as operating a farm. It is also true that urban living provides a higher quantity of diverse jobs. However, often times, the jobs provided, do not produce sufficient income on their own, to afford the standard of living. Therefore requiring another job to just â₠¬Å"pay the bills,† due to the higher prices of living. Urbanized cultures have access to a high number of services, public transportation, museums, arts, churches. It also puts all these things within reasonable distances. There is a problem however, and it has to do with the living arrangements. This is a personal observation more than anything; in cities, the majority residents live in apartments. Now having, a parent as an architect gave me further insight into this. I was told that the reason, that high-rises exist, is in order to maintain the convenience of proximity, to urban services. Also when designing high-rises one must maximize the space that is used. This is done by either clever design, or by having the apartments, as close together as possible, usually both. All of these are superficial attempts at bringing people together, because the obvious truth is that few people, have even a moderate relationship with their neighbors. In fact there are few acquaintances or friendships formed outside of work. Add to this, the average person can only keep track of around 120 people. Yet, in big cities, there may be 120 people living in half of a high-rise. Not to mention that being out in the city, you will see that many people by walking a few blocks. How can we be brough t together if we continuously walk by the same people, that we don’t recognize? I was having a conversation earlier today. In it, I was told that people are around others for their needs and conveniences. If that is true, then our society has no use for the people but for *things* they produce. Yet, those accomplishments mean nothing when we die. We as a society worship tools(idols), and forget that theres actually a consciousness using the tool. We are blinded, the economy is a machine, a tool, used by a few people to keep others in check, and the biggest illusion, is the fact that all we get, is the scraps that they, no longer want, yet we are content with this. Some of us think, Oh at least its better than those lower class people. Its a cascade effect; the majority, at the base gets the least, whiles their needs, is equal to every other human on the planet. Yet, not everyone has equal opportunities. All because we dont understand what love is. Love is not stuff; you cannot attach love to a thing. Love is a state of being, those who love, are drawn to unity, love is expressed by the action of unity. As in science, we can’t measure it directly, we can only feel it, and measure its effects. Doing something loving, requires that you be in the essence of that which is love first. We think its the other way around. Love is the drive in us toward each other, but it must be a natural unification. We cannot love if we are unified under false systems such as government or economy. Yes these artificial systems make us interdependent, that is a law of the universe which cannot be broken even if we didnt have these artificial systems. Just look at nature, we have plants that produce for herbivores, which provide food for carnivores or omnivores, which provide food for decomposers. Hence, the balance of life is maintained by interdependency. Yet we as a society, for the most part, work for someone else. We have created collectively a hierarchy of dependence. Simply, because we give power to the conveniences we have constructed, and because of this, we inevitably give power to those who have power over the conveniences. All the while, we fail to see that it is fear, that drives these people to crave power over the conveniences, we have labeled needs. In conclusion, I believe that cities are unnecessary. Our living arrangements should consist of independent clusters, which freely cooperate with surrounding clusters, without a centralized form government, outside of each cluster. Let us not forget that our early attempts, at having urban societies resulted in disintegration of culture, plagues, and horrible living conditions. Research Papers on Modern Urbanization19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeTwilight of the UAWPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyLifes What IfsResearch Process Part One

Cognition, language, and brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cognition, language, and brain - Essay Example As the brain develops, language skills are modified to a significant degree depending on particular outside influences. Therefore, â€Å"both genetic and environmental influences may contribute in varying degrees to the final shaping of the dyslexic brain† (Lishman, 2003). Dyslexia cannot be diagnosed or understood as a specific disorder which has led to misunderstandings within the scientific community and the public regarding the condition which this discussion attempts to clarify. An example of the non-specific nature of dyslexia centers on an argument regarding which part of the brain most affects the condition. Though it is widely accepted that the left hemisphere of the brain controls verbal functions and positron emission tomography scans have confirmed this assessment, others, such as Price et al (1998) hypothesize that â€Å"reading aloud involves a large number of cognitive processes including, at a minimum, visual and orthographic analysis, phonological retrieval, articulation, and hearing the sound of the spoken word† (Price et al, 1998, p. 305). Price went on to say deficits associated with dyslexia â€Å"might be the hallmarks of exclusive reliance on a right-hemisphere†¦the reading of dyslexics rely exclusively on a right-hemisphere† (Price et al, 1998, p. 305). Some type of right-hemisphere mechanism involving reading comprehension is necessary to be able to read aloud if any one of the left-sided functions such as processing s tages, orthographic, semantic or phonological functions is not capable of operating normally. That the emotional and creative side of the brain plays some type of role in reading comprehension can hardly be disputed. For example, if a child is upset or they prefer to draw animal figures from letters instead of pronouncing them, the ability to read coherently may be slowed somewhat as compared to classmates. Dyslexia concerns many facets of brain function. However, it

Media and Gender Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media and Gender - Research Paper Example With the advent of media and information technology, sweeping changes has manifested itself on women. Today, women spend all their time and resources on media, and are willing to anything in order to be beautiful or change their natural outlooks. This clearly shows that women use media as a tool of educating themselves as a way of seeking freedom from the yoke of women folk, which has enslaved them for long (Joo, 2012). It is evidently clear that most of the media houses take considerable airtime to advertise what appropriate appearance a woman should have in the modern world. This includes the likes of â€Å"figure eight†, tall and slender and less body weight women. Some of these ideal desirable body structures are may not be attainable practically by some of the women. This creates a negative mindset of dissatisfaction from such women should they fail to attain such desirable qualities (In Carter et al, 2014). Therefore, they start a voyage of events that will see them modify their natural bodies in order to pose those deemed desirable by the society. The main problem associated to most of these processes and operations women have to go through may bring adverse lifelong damages in health of victims. The worst outcomes arise where the desired body appearance fails to happen, or the desired characteristics become abnormal, the likes of the various cases that have been documented. Several w omen are on record to have for instance, applied breast enlargement cream only for one of the breasts to be extremely larger than normal and fail to match with the other pair. The main problem is that, some of these outcomes remain unchanged forever and hence a permanent scar of psychological dissatisfaction rules the entire life of a woman in question. Scholars have cautioned on negative results of female objections in the media. It is not, therefore, miracles to find women in the society who are bed-ridden after suffering the negative images that are

Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

Question - Essay Example The study by Rabinowitz et al. (2005) offers a systematic review of the literature of animal sentinel to identify evidence that relates such events to the health of human beings. A weakness of this study was that it could not assess the factors causing failure of the animal sentinel studies to use cohort and case-control methods more. Such approaches prove time-consuming and expensive compared to such other methods as the aggregate and cross-sectional study designs. Funding limitations may possibly have influenced the choices of study methods of animal sentinel. Another weakness of this study is that its small sample size affects its capacity to offer valid evidence. The strength of this study is that the authors have suggested a set of linkage points which are helpful for the assessment of evidence to bridge an event of animal sentinel to the human health. The research recognized gaps in the existing knowledge like shared outcomes, inadequate shared exposures’ documentation, and the relative vulnerability between humans and animals for the hazards of

Role of Heuristics in Social Cognition

Role of Heuristics in Social Cognition Tracy L. Rawlins Discuss the topic of social cognition and in particular the role of heuristics in the way we process information. Briefly describe two different heuristics and give examples of how and when they might be used as well as problems connected with their use. Our capabilities of interpreting, analyzing, remembering, and using information about the social world is referred to as our social cognition. It is believed that our thinking of the social world is quick and effortless; in other words, automatic (Baron Branscombe, 2012). It is our own way of encoding information, storing it in our memory, being able to retrieve it from our memory, as well as processing any information in our brains. Social cognition focuses on the manner in which individuals apply any information about social situations. As humans, we are only able to handle a particular amount of information at any point in time. When we are faced with information that goes beyond this point that we are able handle, we enter a state of information overload. In these situations, we are presented with alternate ways of stretching our cognitive processes, especially in times where the logically right answers are not easily known or would take an immense amount of effort to figure out. These alternate ways are called heuristics. Heuristics allow us to quickly deal with amounts of information that go beyond our own social cognition capacity. These processes contribute to the reason why a majority of our social thought is occurring on an automatic basis. More or less, heuristics are considered a mental shortcut that one may employ to allow them to solve issues and make their own judgments in a quick and efficient manner. They work by drastically cutting down thinking time and allow one to proceed in their situations without having to think about their next actions. Heuristics are used when we often need an expeditious solution to a problem. While they may be useful in some decision making cases, they may also be erroneous. Thus, it is safe to say that the fact something worked in the past, does not guarantee that it will indeed work again in the future. Seeking the same heuristic outcomes as previous experience makes it all the more difficult for an individual to come up with alternate ideas or solutions to th eir problems. One of the most common heuristics of the three that I see on a daily basis would be the availability heuristic. This shortcut relies mostly on examples that we have experienced or have previously been aware of. When we retain information from past experiences, it is highly convenient for one to relate any future similar experiences. When trying to yield a decision, we might immediately think of past events and we may very well judge those events more possible and more frequent than others. I believe individuals ten to declare things that they remember more important than the things that they do not. An example of when it would be helpful would be when referring to your relationships. Your relationship suddenly begins to grow because your significant other comes to mind more easily, even after leaving their side; this leads you to assume that this person must be of importance to you and worth your devotion. However, every heuristic possesses the chances of having errors in processing. As an example where this heuristic causes errors, we see multiple news reports about kidnappings, we might declare that kidnappings are more common in our area than they are in reality, leading us one believing that these events are more typical than they really are. In another example, the lottery has been seeing more winners closer to where you live. You start buying more lottery tickets than you should because you think your chances of winning are increased due to the frequency of jackpot winners close to where you live. On the other hand, I also see the representativeness heuristic on a daily basis as well. Every day, people are categorized into certain stereotypes, whether it is by their looks, their lifestyle, or simply how they act. Robert and Nyla, authors of Social Psychology, explain â€Å"You would base your judgment on the basis of a relatively simple rule: The more an individual seems to resemble or match a given group, the more likely she or he is to belong to that group† (Baron, Branscombe,2012, p. 38). This heuristic is our own estimation of the likelihood of an event by just comparing it to an existing prototype or category in which already exist within our minds. By prototype or category, I mean the things we think as the most typical or relevant object or event. While this heuristic can sometimes be handy, we may be more likely to overestimate the likelihood of something occurring, or more likely to make more errors within our judgments. One thing to remember is something is n ot more likely to occur just because it fits the category. In an example of which this heuristic might come in handy is when you go for your job interview. You see that the boss’s body language is welcoming and they offer warmth while communicating with you. He’s wearing a polo shirt, and khaki shorts. You feel more comfortable to disclose some personal experiences and share some laughs with them. You offer him to join you in a golfing tournament, assuming he likes to play golf by evaluating his attire. You two hit it off immediately and you are hired on the spot. However, the outcomes are not always correct. To explain how representativeness can cause errors, this example portrays an insight to the possibility of being wrong. You’re walking in New York City and see a group of African Americans wearing baggy clothes sitting on a stoop and immediately think you’re in danger because your perception of these particular individuals is that they are crime comm itting thugs based on their appearance. You couldn’t be farther from the truth; these men were actually undercover detectives scoping out the area for the actual crime committers, keeping the streets crime free. Since you related their appearance and race to a certain stereotype, you used the representativeness heuristic, and this caused your conclusion to be erroneous. Lastly, an example I am passionate about; pit bulls. A majority of society declares all pit bulls are dangerous and deadly because they know of them attacking people. They base their decisions on how pit bulls are portrayed to society, yet they do not take into account that the pit bulls who attack are almost always abused, fought, used as bate, or was put through traumatic events. Most pit bulls do not attack, do not bite, and are full of love and warmth, but since our society associates pit bulls with being attacked, they are deemed detrimental by many. Discuss schemas: their effects, how they are activated, the perseverance effect, and their tendency to become self-fulfilling. Schemas are frameworks which assist us in organizing social information and guide us during the processing of information (Baron Branscombe, 2012). The best example that I can use is describing concert goers. If you’re a concert goer, the chances are that you’ve been to one or more concert in the past. You know the entire process from being through it before. When arriving at the venue, you have to find parking. From there you must join the line to enter the arena, go through the security check, present your ticket, and find your seat. Every time you go, it is the same process. This means you have become familiar with the process and have since built up a mental framework, otherwise known as a schema. Schemas influence social thought processes including attention, encoding, and retrieval. â€Å"Attention refers to what information we notice. Encoding refers to the processes through which information we notice gets stored in memory. Finally, retrieval refers to the pro cesses through which we recover information from memory in order to use it in some manner – for example, in making judgments about other people† (Baron, Branscombe, 2012, p. 44). Schemas assist us in processing information efficiently, which is why they are likely to be utilized when we receive a lot of information at one point in time, particularly regarding the attention aspect. Though, when speaking of the decoding aspect, we rationalize the situations which capture our attention, becoming the main focus, are more likely to become stored information within our long term memory. Contrarily, when we receive information that goes against our expectations in situations may also be stored in an entirely different sector of our memory. When something goes against what we expect, it is thought to capture our attention, and force us to encode the information in our memory. Lastly, when speaking of the retrieval process, I am referring to the information that is most readily available. It doesn’t matter if the information goes along with our expectations or not – either way, inconsistent information may very well be remembered just as well as the information that is consistent. Furthermore, activating a schema is commonly known as priming. As our recent experiences employ some schemas to be active, it certainly affects our current thought processes. A schema is able to be accessed temporarily due to something we just experienced, or something that just happened. For example, you’re in your living room watching a horror movie and you get up to get something to drink. You wanted milk and cookies but you realize you have no milk. The store is right up the road and it would be a quick trip, so you jump into your shoes and start walking with your friend to the corner store. You approach the wooded area down the street and suddenly feel frightened from the crinkling of leaves nearby. Every step you take, you are more on edge and every time you look over your shoulder, you think someone is following you. The scary movie caused you to have an increased sensitivity to a schema due to a recent experience. Thus, the process in which an experience or an exposure to stimuli brings a particular schema in the very front of our mind and starts to influence our decisions and judgments, this is priming. Although such experiences are thought to have a lasting effect, schemas can be unprimed as well by the individual expressing the schemas; the influences of the primed schemas vanish. However, if one does not express a primed schema, the effects may last for a longer period of time. Additionally, in regards to the perseverance effect, schemas tend to keep their original framework even while new information is presented in which clearly defies the original information. The perseverance effect may take part in any position of a situation. This leads to the schema becoming self-fulfilling, whereas the schema influences our actions and responses within the social world in a manner that makes it consistent with the schema (Baron Branscombe, 2012). Fully explain the difference between automatic processing and controlled processing of information and provide an example of each. In regards to automatic processing of information, it is a cognitive process in which requires very little cognitive effort, is fast, and efficient. This type of processing can be the result of completing the same training on the same task, and once learned, the automatic response is not easy to ignore or modify. The automatic processing of information does not require the attention or awareness of the initiation or operation of the process. Therefore, these processes are effortless, involuntary, and unintentional, often occurring when we are not aware that they are occurring. For example, sometimes when we lose things and can’t imagine exactly where we put them, we can turn our attention to something different, and sometimes we suddenly remember where we placed the items in question. Another example of automatic processing would be when we have a busy schedule and don’t always remember what we were supposed to do. Often, we feel like the information is right there in t he back of our head, it just is not presenting itself. Our mind goes to something else that grabs our attention, and soon we remember the errand we were supposed to run. Controlled processes are cognitive processes in which require intentional control from the individual. The individual is aware and their effort is held by the amount of attention serving resources that are available at that given moment in time. When our attention is required to complete a given task, we are in control and aware. These processes require that we evaluate, think about situations, and base our decisions upon the information that we gather. Since controlled processes require our effort, they are thought to be slower than automatic processes. This places limitations on us having the ability to multitask, and on the speed of processing. In other words, the more tasks that we take on at the same time, the more our performance and quality of the results will suffer the consequences. An example of controlled processes would include efforts in the work place. While working, many people face the reality that they have more on their plate that they think they can handle. When th is occurs, they often try to get the job done to gain approval from their superiors. The work requires the focus and the attention of the individual’s cognitive processing in order to adequately get the job done. However, when having to complete multiple tasks at once, the quality of the work will not be as great as if they were handling only one task at a time. Another example would be when a student is given a test and they are unsure of the answer, they are forced to think long and hard about what selection they are going to choose on the multiple choice exam. They try to reflect on the information that they were learning during their course, and eventually remember the answer; it just took a little while longer to get there. Discuss the phenomena of persuasion and the cognitive processes that underlie it. In regards to the phenomena of persuasion, it is an influence from our social world in which an individual is encouraged to adopt or allow an attitude, idea, or a course of action. We are often encouraged to adapt to an individual’s suggestions if we determine that person is of authority or a trusted friend. We are inclined to follow these guidelines because they tend to lead us to selecting the right choice in certain situations. On the other hand, we accept persuasions and influences so much without much thought, we are often found letting ourselves being taken advantage of. This happens a lot on television as there are products being sold with promises that are not delivered within the warranty return policy time frame. Central route to persuasion or systematic processing is the first type of processing that we can employ, in which individuals pay close attention to the message and consider the relevant ideas and logic in detail (Baron Branscombe, 2012). Individuals are more likely to seek this route when the ideas are relevant to them, or when the idea gives a sense of personal responsibility. In this route, individuals are more influenced by messages that are of higher quality. Next, the second approach would be heuristic processing, or the peripheral route to persuasion, in which requires less effort. It enables an automatic response from us to persuasive ideas. The response occurs to cues in the situation in which various mental shortcuts are employed. Individuals employ this route when there is a lack of motivation, ability, or time to entertain the deeper meaning of the message. The most modern approach is the elaboration-likelihood model of persuasion, in which can work in one of two ways wh ich require different amounts of elaboration or cognitive effort. How important the message is to an individual, or the motivation and ability to process the message are the factors that decide which route is to be employed. The target of the message, the content of the message, and the source of the message are all components of the elements of the persuasive process (Baron Branscombe, 2012). References Baron, R. A., Branscombe, N. R. (2012). Social psychology (13th ed.). Boston, MA:  Pearson.

I Never Promised You A Rose Garden :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I Never Promised You a Rose Garden by Hannah Greene I Never Promised You a Rose Garden takes place in the late 1940s. The main setting is in a mental hospital just outside Chicago. But it also goes back and forth between the hospital and the main character’s home in Chicago. This book is about a girl named Deborah who is diagnosed with schizophrenia. She is sent to a mental hospital after trying to commit suicide. Deborah lives in her own world of Yri and has lost touch with reality. In fact, she wants no part of the real world. During her life she feels that she has been deceived in so many ways and has become cynical. She has no friends except for the secret Gods and Goddesses she makes up in her head. In the beginning of the book Dr. Fried is introduced. She is a doctor that is going over Deborah’s papers and speaking about how she may succeed in making Deborah better. This foreshadows how important she will be in Deborah’s life. Also how influential she will be to Deborah strengthening her health situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After cutting her arms, Deborah is moved to the Disturbed Ward or â€Å"D† ward. There she finds many interesting people. She continues to open up to Dr. Fried and tells her more and more about Yri. This in turn makes the Gods of Yri upset and makes Deborah go into these spells where she become unresponsive. The Gods also criticize her and put her down which makes her do things such as burn holes in the arms with cigarette butts. Dr. Fried finally gets to Deborah by telling her that she shouldn’t quit trying to get healthy and really gets to her. After that Deborah begins to realize how important living is and she begins to let in the real world. She finally is moved back to a B ward and is allowed off the grounds. She stops letting the Gods rule her and goes back to school to get her life back together. Deborah’s conflict in this book is an internal conflict. Its whether to let the world in and live in reality or to continue living in the self hating, but comfortable life she’s made up inside her head. Deborah would like to be live in the real world, but she somehow doesn’t feel she fits in and that her world Yri is above the real world. She however does eventually choose the real world with the help of her hospital friends and Dr.